Unit 1 How do you study for a test? Section  A

新课指南

本部分通过对by doing sth这一方式状语的联想训练,掌握用英语表达学习等做事情方式的基本语言技能。同时也能够掌握其他一些新词汇,如:frustrate,frustrating,frustrated,end up和新句型如:I've learned a lot that way.等。

重点:by doing sth作方式状语的表达与运用。

难点:现在完成时,尤其是I've been learning English for six years.这样的现在完成进行时的用法。

 

教材解读1

精华要义

 

How do you study for a test?

知识点1

for a test是介词短语作目的状语。意为“为了考试”。

知识点2  test的用法

test是名词,意为“考试;测试”,相当于exam,但exam较正式。

知识拓展

辨析  study,learn

study意为“学习研究”,着重过程。learn意为“学习;学到”,着重结果。例如:

Have you ever studied with a group?你参加过小组学习吗?(指学习过程的情况)

I've learned a lot.我已学到了很多。(指学习的结果)

二者有时可以互换使用。例如:

What lessons do you study/learn?你学哪些课程?

对应练习

用所给词的适当形式填空

1.We should ________ (study)hard for the people.

2.Jack is ________ (learn) how to ride a horse.

点拨  1.情态动词后用动词原形,故填study。  2.根据句意应该用现在进行时,故填learning。

I study by making flashcards.

知识点

by doing sth是介词短语,在句中作方式状语。

知识拓展

辨析  by,with,in,on

Ⅰ  by的常见结构:

by+交通工具(注意不要带冠词)。例如:

Tim often goes to work by bus,but sometimes by bike.蒂姆经常乘公共汽车上班,但有时骑自行车。

by+doing sth。例如:

I study by having conversations with friends.我是靠与朋友进行会话的方式学习的。

Ⅱ  with的常见结构:

with+工具。例如:

Most of us like to write with a pen.我们当中大多数人喜欢用钢笔写字。

with+人体部位。例如:

We see with our eyes and hear with our ears.我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听。

Ⅲ  in的常见结构:

in+语言。例如:

Don't say it in Chinese. Say it in English.不要用汉语说,用英语讲。

in+物质材料。例如:

You should write your homework in ink.

=You should write your homework with a pen.你应该用钢笔写作业。

Ⅳ  on的常见结构:

on+电器或媒介。例如:

I study English on TV.

=I study English by watching TV.我通过看电视学习英语。

用于某些固定短语中。例如:on foot。

对应练习

用适当的介词填空

1.It's useful to have a good dictionary ________ you when you're reading.

2.The mother couldn't leave her baby ________ herself at home.

3.They ought to be here ________ this time.

4.The hills were covered ________ snow.

5.I can't go along ________ you on that question.

点拨  1.for sb意为“给某人;对某人来说”,故填for。  2.leave one by oneself意为“把某人单独留下”,故填by。  3.at this time意为“在这个时候”,故填at。  4.be covered with意为“被……覆盖”,故填with。  5.go along with sb意为“同意某人;和某人在……方面达成一致”。故填with。

Do you ever practice conversations with friends?

知识点1  ever的用法

ever相当于at any time,意为“曾经”。同义词为always,反义词为never。常见于现在完成时的一般疑问句及条件状语从句中,其他情况下也有所使用。

Ⅰ  用于现在完成时的一般疑问句中。例如:

Have you ever studied with a group?你参加过小组学习吗?

Have you ever learned English songs?你学过英文歌曲吗?

Ⅱ  用于条件状语从句中。例如:

If you ever hear from her,please tell me about it.如果你得到她的消息,请告诉我有关事宜。

Ⅲ  用于一般现在时的疑问句中。例如:

Do you ever talk to your English friends?你和你的英国朋友交谈过吗?

Ⅳ  用于否定句中。例如:

No man ever returned from there.从来没有人从那里回来过。

I hardly ever see him nowadays.近来我很少看见他。

Ⅴ  用于肯定句中,表示“常常;总是”,常使用always。

知识拓展

ever和always的反义词都是never。never意为“从来不;从未有过”。若一个陈述句中含有ever或always,变为否定句时直接用never改写即可。例如:

肯定句:I have ever thought so.我常常这样想。

否定句:I have never thought so.我从未这样想过。

肯定句:He's always late for school.他上学总是迟到。

否定句:He's never late for school.他上学从不迟到。

对应练习

1.Have you ________ spoken to a foreigner?

A.always      B.already

C.ever        D.yet

2.It is raining harder than ________.

A.never      B.ever

C.still       D.yet

点拨  1.ever用于疑问句中,意为“曾经”,故选C。  2.than ever意为“比从前”,故选B。

知识点2  practice的用法

practice意为“实践;练习”。指为了进一步提高技能或达到熟练程度而进行的练习。既可作名词,又可作动词。

Ⅰ  practice作名词时,相当于exercise。例如:

It takes much practice to be really good at this game.要真正擅长这种运动必须多进行练习。

Ⅱ  作动词时,相当于do exercise regularly,后接名词或动词-ing形式。例如:

Why don't you join an English club to practice speaking English?你为何不参加英语俱乐部来练习说英语呢?

注意  在美国英语中,practise是practice的异体词,在实际使用中,哪种形式都可以。而在英国英语中,practise是动词形式,practice是名词形式。

对应练习

Piano-playing needs a lot of ________.

A.practises      B.practice

C.practiced      D.exercise

点拨  a lot of修饰名词,practice无复数形式;如果选择D应采用exercise的复数形式,故选B。

What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?

知识点1  what about的用法

what about相当于how about,是交际英语中常用的表达建议的短语。后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。例如:

What/How about that skirt?那件裙子怎么样?

I like the Beatles. What/How about you?我喜欢甲壳虫乐队,你呢?

What/How about going out for a walk?出去散步如何?

知识点2

read aloud意为“出声地读;朗读”。

知识拓展

辨析  aloud,loud

这两个词的词义不同。

Ⅰ  aloud是副词,通常是“出声”的意思,而不是“大声”的意思。只有在修饰cry,shout等动词时才有“大声”之意。例如:

Read the text aloud.朗读课文。(不是默读)

He read the letter aloud.他念了这封信。(指读出声来)

Don't shout aloud.不要大声喊。

Ⅱ  loud既是形容词,又是副词。作为副词,它相当于loudly。但loud多与表示“说”的动词连用,意为“高声的(地);响亮的(地)”。例如:

Who is making loud noise?谁在大声吵闹?(用作形容词)

Speak louder,please. I can't hear you clearly.请再大声点讲。我听不清你说的话。

对应练习

The radio is too ________. Please turn it down.

A.loud      B.louder

C.loudly    D.aloud

点拨  根据题意需用形容词原级形式,故选A。

I've learned a lot that way.

知识点1

have learned是现在完成时结构,其谓语动词的结构为“have/has+过去分词”,learn的过去分词也可写为learnt。

知识点2

a lot在此是名词短语,作动词的宾语。

知识点3

that way作方式状语。这个短语前省略了介词in,由this或that构成的短语作方式状语或时间状语时,其前面的介词往往省略。例如:

Come this way,please.请这边走。(省略了along)

What did you have for breakfast this morning?今天早餐你吃什么了?(省略了on)

对应练习

汉译英

珍妮喜欢京剧,她认为看京剧可以了解很多中国历史。

Jane likes Beijing Opera. She thinks she can learn ________ ________ ________ about Chinese history by watching it.

点拨  a lot意为“许多;大量”,在此处作动词learn的宾语,故填a lot。

It's too hard to understand the voices.

知识点  too…to…的用法

此结构表示“太……而不能……”。其具体结构为“too+形容词/副词+动词不定式”。后面的动词不定式除个别情况外,均为否定意义。例如:

He's too young to do the job.他太小了,还做不了这份工作。(young为形容词)

I got to school too late to have the first class.我到校太晚了,没能上第一节课。(late为副词)

She got up too late to catch the early bus.她起得太晚了,没有赶上早班公共汽车。(late为副词)

注意  有时too后面接glad,easy等形容词时,后面的不定式不表示否定意义。例如:

I'm too glad to meet you.见到你我真是太高兴了。

The homework is too easy for me to do.这个作业对于我来说太容易做了。

知识拓展

辨析  too…to,enough to

too…to结构中的动词不定式部分为否定意义;而enough to结构意为“足以能够”,是肯定意义,只有用于否定句中时,后面的不定式才是否定意义。二者在一定条件下可以相互转换。例如:

Li Ling is too young to go to school.

=Li Ling is not old enough to go to school.李玲年龄太小了,还不能上学。

He came too late to attend the meeting.

=He didn't come early enough to attend the meeting.他来得太晚了,没能参加会议。

The man is strong enough to carry the bag.那个人很强壮,能够搬动这个袋子。

对应练习

1.He walked ________ fast for us ________ catch up with.

A.so,that      B.such,that

C.enough,to    D.too,to

2.Science is difficult for some students ________ understand.

A.too,to      B.so,that

C.much,to     D.very,that

点拨  1.根据句意可知为否定含义,因而采用too…to结构,故选D。  2.根据句意可知为否定含义,因而采用too…to结构,故选A。

We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese.

知识点1  get excited about的用法

相当于be/become interested in,意为“对……感到兴奋(有趣)”。例如:

They got excited about swimming.他们对游泳产生了兴趣。

知识点2  副词up的用法

end up意为“终止;结束”。相当于finish(up)。up为副词,有“……完;……光”之意。类似的短语还有finish up,eat up,burn up等。例如:

Eat it up.把它全吃了。

The big fire burned up his house.那场大火把他家烧光了。

up也可以直接用在系动词后作表语。例如:

Time is up.时间到了。

It's all up.一切都完了。

对应练习

汉译英

你们应该把这些练习在放学后完成。

You should these exercises after school.

点拨  finish up意为“完成”,相当于finish,up为副词,有“……完……光”的意思。故答案为finish up。